Doctor: Low- fat diets stuffed with misconceptions (Opinion)Story highlights. David Ludwig: Conventional wisdom used to be that cutting back on fat would make us lean and healthy.

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The science of nutrition is complex, but we know that the low- fat diet of the last 4. David Ludwig is professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, and the author of the book ? Conquer Cravings, Retrain Your Fat Cells and Lose Weight Permanently. The views expressed in this commentary are his own. When an experiment fails, researchers question assumptions, formulate new ideas and then design better studies.

But the field of nutrition is having a hard time of this when it comes to the low- fat diet debacle. As noted in the Journal of the American Medical Association, conventional wisdom used to be that cutting back on fat would make us lean and healthy. However, things have not quite worked out that way, and Americans are struggling to adjust to a new dietary reality. Fifty years ago, we consumed a high- fat diet, with whole milk, rich sauces and spreads, full- fat salad dressings, regular peanut butter and fatty meats. But this eating pattern came under persistent attack, as preliminary research suggested that the fat in our food would make us gain weight and clog our arteries. Notably, fat has more than twice the . In addition, short- term laboratory experiments suggested that fat may be inherently less filling, causing .

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Volunteers adopting a low- fat diet spontaneously lost a small amount of weight for a short while (although these initial studies typically lacked an appropriate control group). And simple observational comparisons reported that people eating more carbohydrates tended to weigh less than those eating more fat. Based primarily on this evidence, many experts proposed that replacing fat with carbohydrate - - any carbohydrate - - would naturally help us eat less and control weight without consciously trying to cut back calories. And this included sugar.

Like fat, sugar is tasty, but like all carbohydrates, it has a much lower energy density. From this energy balance perspective, sugar came to be seen as a good way to displace fat and calories from the diet - - the so- called sugar- fat seesaw. Americans were told to substitute all fats with a variety of carbohydrates, including six to 1. Food Guide Pyramid.

To facilitate this change, the government's Healthy People 2. With government acquiescence and professional society participation, all sorts of sugary products were promoted as . We avoided nuts, avocado and dark chocolate, while loading up on a variety of low- fat treats and sweets. As a result, within one generation, the proportion of fat in our diet decreased from above 4. But rates of obesity and diabetes surged, and the decades long downward trend in heart disease seems poised for reversal.

According to the energy balance hypothesis of body weight control, substituting carbohydrate for fat should have reduced rates of obesity and diet- related chronic disease, but the opposite occurred. Contrary to prior thinking, new research shows that many types of fat are highly filling and exceedingly nutritious. Some of the most calorie dense foods in existence - - nuts, fully fat dairy, olive oil, dark chocolate - - are associated with less weight gain than processed grains, potato products and other commonly- consumed high- carbohydrate foods. Several recent systemicreviews show that high- fat diets produce greater weight loss than low- fat diets, when both groups in the trials are given equivalent support. Most importantly, reducing fat intake did not lower rates of cardiovascular disease in two major clinical trials, Look Ahead and Women's Health Initiative, whereas increasing fat intake in the Predimed Mediterranean diet study did. Consistent with these findings, a study this year found that people consuming a high- fat diet had 1.

Responding to new evidence, the 2. USDA Dietary Guidelines lifted the limit on dietary fat, unofficially ending the low- fat diet era. But you'd never know it, because a full accounting of this failed experiment has not been made.

In the absence of this corrective process, public health harms persist, with the low- fat diet remaining deeply embedded in public consciousness and food policy. In fact, according to a recent Gallup survey, a majority of Americans still actively avoid eating fat. It's time to acknowledge past mistakes and examine why a focus on calorie balance backfired. One explanation is that the body fights back against calorie reduction, with rising hunger and slowing metabolism, making it increasingly difficult for most people to maintain weight loss on a conventional low- fat, low- calorie diet. But colleagues and I have argued that all calories are not equal. By reducing consumption of processed carbohydrates, insulin levels fall, unlocking calories stored in fat and helping promote long- term weight loss (the carbohydrate- insulin hypothesis). If this alternative view is right, it would mean that calorie restriction is useless over the long- term, and that weight loss treatment should focus on the type, not amount of calories consumed - - the opposite of the conventional energy balance recommendation.

Yoshino`S Magic Show stream online in english with subtitles 1080. Disregarding extensive evidence to the contrary, some claim that no low- fat advocate ever recommended fat- free junk food - - it was the food industry's fault for marketing these products and the public fault for buying them. Others call for defunding low- carbohydrate diet research because their benefits for body weight don't seem large, but this is exactly the wrong medicine. In fact, studies of alternative diets have received miniscule governmental funding compared to research into the low- fat diet. For this reason, most studies suffer from important limitations such as use of ineffective methods to actually change diets. This debate has also been unnecessarily complicated by ethical and environmental concerns about eating meat.

Though these concerns are important, they rest on the false premise that all high- fat diets are inherently high in animal products. In practice, one can eat a low- fat diet with lots of lean red meat, poultry, reduced fat cheese and egg whites; or a high- fat diet with olive oil, nuts and other plant- derived fats. The science of nutrition is complex. But we know that the low- fat diet of the last 4.

Circle watch in english with subtitles in FULL HD here. In view of the human and economic toll of diet- related disease, this failure warrants a rigorous examination, efforts to mitigate existing harms and robust government funding to test new ideas.